What are interferons and how do they work? Interferons are a family of naturally-occurring proteins that are made and secreted by cells of the immune system (for example, white blood cells, natural killer cells, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells). Three classes of interferons have been identified: alpha, beta, and gamma. Each class has many effects, though...
What is Avonex (interferon beta-1a), and what is it used for? Avonex (Interferon beta-1a) is a prescription medicine used to treat relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) in adults. It reduces the occurrence of MS flares and reduces physical disability caused by MS. Interferon beta-1a (Avonex) is a protein produced by recombinant DNA technology using...
What is lopinavir and ritonavir, and how does it work (mechanism of action)? Kaletra is an oral medication that is a combination of lopinavir and ritonavir. It is used for treating infections with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is in a class of drugs called protease inhibitors which, among others, includes ritonavir (Norvir), nelfinavir...
What is interferon beta-1a (Rebif), and what is it used for? Interferon beta-1a (Rebif) is a protein produced by recombinant DNA technology using genetically engineered Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells into which the human interferon beta genes have been introduced. It is used for treating multiple sclerosis (MS). Interferon beta-1a is designed to be identical to...
What are thyroid hormones? Thyroid Gland illustration – Thyroid Blood Tests The thyroid gland produces hormones that are essential for normal body metabolism. Blood testing is now commonly available to determine the adequacy of the levels of thyroid hormones. These blood tests can define whether the thyroid gland's hormone production is normal, overactive, or underactive....
What is neck pain? Neck pain and dizziness are symptoms with various causes and treatments. Neck pain is any degree of discomfort in the front or back of the neck between the head and the shoulders. Neck pain can feel dull, aching, sharp, piercing, shooting, burning, and may increase or decrease with certain movements of...
What are STDs? Share Your Story Even men can get yeast infections from women. STDs, also termed sexually transmitted diseases, are infections that are mainly transmitted to others during direct sexual contact (genital, anal and/or oral); a few types may be contracted by nonsexual means like needle sticks (for example, hepatitis B, AIDS). What is...
What are thyroid hormones? Thyroid Gland illustration – Thyroid Blood Tests The thyroid gland produces hormones that are essential for normal body metabolism. Blood testing is now commonly available to determine the adequacy of the levels of thyroid hormones. These blood tests can define whether the thyroid gland's hormone production is normal, overactive, or underactive....
What is dehydration? Throughout the day, your body uses and gets rid of water, so you need to replace it. If you lose more than you take in, you become dehydrated. Drinking plenty of water every day is important for many reasons. Water helps you maintain a stable temperature, keeps your joints lubricated, and helps...
What is circumcision? Circumcision, the surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis, is usually performed with local anesthesia in newborns, but older children, adolescents and adults may require sedation. Circumcision is the surgical removal of foreskin, a loose fold of skin that covers the head (glans) of the penis. The foreskin is detached from...