Monoclonal Antibodies: Types, Side Effects & COVID-19 Use

What are human monoclonal antibodies?

An antibody is a protein produced by the body's immune system in response to antigens, which are harmful substances. Antigens include bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, chemicals, and other substances the immune system identifies as foreign. Sometimes the body mistakenly identifies normal tissues as foreign and produces antibodies against the tissue. This is the underlying cause of autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis or MS.

Antibodies are naturally produced by the immune system. However, scientists can produce antibodies in the lab that mimic the action of the immune system. These man-made (synthetic) antibodies act against proteins that attack normal tissues in people with autoimmune disorders. Man-made antibodies are produced by introducing human genes that produce antibodies into mice or another suitable mammal. The mice then are vaccinated with the antigen that scientists want to produce antibodies against. This causes the immune cells of the mice to produce the desired human antibody. The term monoclonal antibody means that the man-made antibody is synthesized from cloned immune cells, and the identical monoclonal antibody produced binds to one type of antigen. Polyclonal antibodies are synthesized from different immune cells and the antibodies produced bind to multiple antigens.

As of October 2020, drug companies Regeneron and Eli Lilly were conducting clinical trials on two monoclonal antibody therapy cocktails for bridge treatment of the coronavirus disease COVID-19. Early results are promising, but there is far from enough data to show whether monoclonal antibody therapy is broadly useful against the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19.

List and types of monoclonal antibodies (FDA approved)

Here is a list of examples some FDA-approved monoclonal antibody drugs.

• abciximab (Reopro)
• adalimumab (Humira, Amjevita)
• alefacept (Amevive)
• alemtuzumab (Campath)
• basiliximab (Simulect)
• belimumab (Benlysta)
• bezlotoxumab (Zinplava)
• canakinumab (Ilaris)
• certolizumab pegol (Cimzia)
• cetuximab (Erbitux)
• daclizumab (Zenapax, Zinbryta)
• denosumab (Prolia, Xgeva)
• efalizumab (Raptiva)
• golimumab (Simponi, Simponi Aria)
• inflectra (Remicade)
• ipilimumab (Yervoy)
• ixekizumab (Taltz)
• natalizumab (Tysabri)
• nivolumab (Opdivo)
• olaratumab (Lartruvo)
• omalizumab (Xolair)
• palivizumab (Synagis)
• panitumumab (Vectibix)
• pembrolizumab (Keytruda)
• rituximab (Rituxan)
• tocilizumab (Actemra)
• trastuzumab (Herceptin)
• secukinumab (Cosentyx)
• ustekinumab (Stelara)

Each monoclonal antibody listed above has a role in treating a targeted
disease (for example, basiliximab treats transplant rejection while belimumab
treats

systemic lupus erythematosus).

What are the uses for monoclonal antibodies?

The use of monoclonal antibodies to treat diseases is called immunotherapy therapy because each type of monoclonal antibody will target a specific targeted antigen in the body.

Uses for monoclonal antibodies include:

• Cancer
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Multiple sclerosis
• Cardiovascular disease
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Crohn's disease
• Ulcerative colitis
• Psoriasis
• Transplant rejection, and several more conditions

In these conditions the monoclonal antibody targets and interferes with the action of a chemical or receptor that is involved in the development of the condition that is being treated. For example, a monoclonal antibody used for treating cancer may block a receptor that cancer cells use for preventing the immune system from the destroying the cancer cell. Blocking this receptor allows the immune system to recognize cancer cells and destroy them.

The monoclonal antibodies for the COVID-19 pandemic coronavirus may soon reach the market late in 2020 under emergency use authorization from the FDA, according to the magazine Science, but the manufacturers were still in talks with the agency about this matter as of this update.

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What are the side effects of monoclonal antibodies?

These side effects are compiled from side effects listed for several
monoclonal antibodies. Each type of monoclonal antibody has its own side effect
profile and may or may not cause some of the side effects listed here.

Common side effects of monoclonal antibodies include:

• Allergic reactions
• Chills
• Weakness
• Diarrhea
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Rash
• Itching
• High blood glucose levels
• Cough
• Constipation

Other side effects of monoclonal antibodies include:

• Shortness of breath
• Peripheral edema
• Headache
• Fever
• Muscle aches and pain
• Decreased appetite
• Increased triglyceride levels
• Insomnia
• Abdominal pain
• Back pain
• Dizziness

Serious side effects of monoclonal antibodies may include one or more of the
following:

• Low blood pressure
• Anaphylaxis
• Serious infections
• Cancer
• Serum sickness
• Autoimmune thyroiditis
• Arterial and venous
  blood clots
• Congestive heart failure
• Bleeding
• Interstitial lung disease
• Hepatitis
• Generation of antibodies
• Enterocolitis
• Gastrointestinal perforation
• Mucositis
• Stomatitis
• Anemia
• Reduced white blood cell counts
• Hypothyroidism

What drugs or other compounds interact with monoclonal antibodies?

• Serious infections are more likely to occur when monoclonal antibodies are
  combined with other
  drugs that suppress the immune system (for example,
  steroids).
• Another example of drug interaction is that the drug
  methotrexate reduces the
  absorption of adalimumab (monoclonal antibody) by 29%-49%, but no adjustments to
  the dose of adalimumab need to be made when methotrexate is given concomitantly.
• Monoclonal antibodies may interfere with the effectiveness of vaccines. Live
  vaccines, including attenuated vaccines, should not be used while patients are
  being treated with monoclonal antibodies. Patients should complete all
  recommended immunizations prior to receiving monoclonal antibodies.

What formulations of monoclonal antibodies are available?

Monoclonal antibodies are designed to be administered by injection. They are
supplied as:

• Lyophilized powder for reconstitution
• Solution for injection

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Is monoclonal antibody therapy safe during pregnancy or while breastfeeding?

• Monoclonal antibodies have not been adequately studied in
  pregnant women or
  women who are
  breastfeeding. Some monoclonal antibodies, for example, nivolumab
  (Opdivo) and pembrolizumab (Keytruda), may be harmful to the fetus because of
  their mechanism of action and from other results obtained from animal
  studies.
• It is not known whether monoclonal antibodies are present in breast milk. Mothers
  who are breastfeeding should decide whether to stop or discontinue the
  monoclonal antibody because many drugs, including large proteins like monoclonal
  antibodies, are excreted in breast milk and there is a risk of serious adverse
  effects in the infant.